電(dian)子保(bao)(bao)函(han)(han)（單(dan)(dan)(dan)）的應用，是替代傳(chuan)統保(bao)(bao)證金繳納(na)的一種創新模式，能夠有(you)效地幫助企業解決資(zi)金占用問題(ti)(ti)。本部分(fen)結(jie)合電(dian)子保(bao)(bao)函(han)(han)（單(dan)(dan)(dan)）在(zai)實(shi)際推進過程中的市場(chang)經驗及(ji)現狀，分(fen)析電(dian)子保(bao)(bao)函(han)(han)（單(dan)(dan)(dan)）在(zai)公共(gong)采購（公共(gong)資(zi)源交易）應用中應當注(zhu)意的風(feng)險及(ji)問題(ti)(ti)，并提(ti)出了建(jian)議及(ji)意見。

一、電子保函（單(dan)）定義

電子(zi)保(bao)函(han)（單）：是保(bao)證人(ren)(ren)(ren)使用(yong)CA證書(shu)對數據電文進行電子(zi)簽(qian)名(ming)，通過計算機網(wang)絡，向(xiang)受(shou)益(yi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)開立的具(ju)(ju)有法律效(xiao)力的保(bao)證擔保(bao)電子(zi)信用(yong)憑證。電子(zi)保(bao)函(han)（單）是一種電子(zi)商務(wu)或(huo)信用(yong)服務(wu)工具(ju)(ju)，相(xiang)關(guan)業(ye)務(wu)必須遵(zun)守《中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)華(hua)人(ren)(ren)(ren)民共(gong)和(he)國(guo)合同(tong)(tong)法》、《中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)華(hua)人(ren)(ren)(ren)民共(gong)和(he)國(guo)擔保(bao)法》、《中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)華(hua)人(ren)(ren)(ren)民共(gong)和(he)國(guo)電子(zi)簽(qian)名(ming)法》、《中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)華(hua)人(ren)(ren)(ren)民共(gong)和(he)國(guo)網(wang)絡安全法》以及電子(zi)商務(wu)有關(guan)法律法規，遵(zun)循PKI（公開密(mi)鑰基礎架構）體系(xi)(xi)的數字(zi)簽(qian)名(ming)系(xi)(xi)統和(he)數字(zi)證書(shu)技術標準和(he)規范。電子(zi)保(bao)函(han)（單）與紙質保(bao)函(han)（單）具(ju)(ju)有同(tong)(tong)等(deng)的法律效(xiao)力，同(tong)(tong)時可(ke)以進行第(di)三方電子(zi)保(bao)函(han)（單）存證備案(an)，具(ju)(ju)有高效(xiao)、快捷、保(bao)密(mi)、全生命周期低(di)成本(ben)、可(ke)信賴的優點。

二、電子保(bao)函（單）分類

電子保函(han)（單）根(gen)據保證機構(gou)和(he)公(gong)共采購(gou)（公(gong)共資源交(jiao)易(yi)）應用場景的不同(tong)可分為以下(xia)幾(ji)類。

1.按(an)照保證(zheng)機(ji)構的不同，可分為銀行（電子）保函、電子保證(zheng)保險保單（函）和擔(dan)保保函

銀(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)（電子）保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)函(han)(han)(han)(han)：指應(ying)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)函(han)(han)(han)(han)申(shen)請人(ren)線上申(shen)請，由(you)銀(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)直(zhi)接向(xiang)(xiang)受益人(ren)線上開(kai)(kai)立(li)(li)的電子保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)函(han)(han)(han)(han)。申(shen)請人(ren)未能按雙方協議約(yue)定履(lv)(lv)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)其責任或義務時，開(kai)(kai)函(han)(han)(han)(han)銀(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)依據保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)函(han)(han)(han)(han)約(yue)定條(tiao)件(jian)向(xiang)(xiang)受益人(ren)履(lv)(lv)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)一定金額的擔(dan)(dan)(dan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)代償責任。銀(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)函(han)(han)(han)(han)有直(zhi)開(kai)(kai)式(shi)(shi)(shi)和分離(li)式(shi)(shi)(shi)兩種業(ye)(ye)務操作模(mo)式(shi)(shi)(shi)：直(zhi)開(kai)(kai)式(shi)(shi)(shi)銀(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)函(han)(han)(han)(han)通常是由(you)被保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)人(ren)直(zhi)接向(xiang)(xiang)銀(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)提出(chu)開(kai)(kai)函(han)(han)(han)(han)申(shen)請，并(bing)由(you)銀(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)直(zhi)接為(wei)被保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)人(ren)授信(xin)(xin)并(bing)開(kai)(kai)立(li)(li)的銀(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)函(han)(han)(han)(han)；分離(li)式(shi)(shi)(shi)銀(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)函(han)(han)(han)(han)（簡稱“分離(li)式(shi)(shi)(shi)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)函(han)(han)(han)(han)”）則是指被保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)人(ren)通過專業(ye)(ye)擔(dan)(dan)(dan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)間(jian)接向(xiang)(xiang)銀(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)提出(chu)開(kai)(kai)函(han)(han)(han)(han)申(shen)請的業(ye)(ye)務操作模(mo)式(shi)(shi)(shi)。分離(li)式(shi)(shi)(shi)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)函(han)(han)(han)(han)模(mo)式(shi)(shi)(shi)下，銀(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)通常會(hui)事先向(xiang)(xiang)已形成(cheng)分離(li)式(shi)(shi)(shi)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)函(han)(han)(han)(han)業(ye)(ye)務合作關(guan)系(xi)的專業(ye)(ye)擔(dan)(dan)(dan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)授信(xin)(xin)，而不(bu)再(zai)單(dan)獨(du)就每一個項(xiang)目向(xiang)(xiang)被保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)人(ren)授信(xin)(xin)。被保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)人(ren)在(zai)使用保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)函(han)(han)(han)(han)時只需向(xiang)(xiang)專業(ye)(ye)擔(dan)(dan)(dan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)提出(chu)開(kai)(kai)函(han)(han)(han)(han)申(shen)請，經(jing)擔(dan)(dan)(dan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)審查(cha)合格后，再(zai)由(you)擔(dan)(dan)(dan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)委托銀(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)直(zhi)接為(wei)被保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)人(ren)出(chu)具保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)函(han)(han)(han)(han)，并(bing)向(xiang)(xiang)銀(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)提供反(fan)擔(dan)(dan)(dan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)。開(kai)(kai)函(han)(han)(han)(han)銀(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)對擔(dan)(dan)(dan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)的委托申(shen)請進行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)審核，滿(man)足開(kai)(kai)函(han)(han)(han)(han)條(tiao)件(jian)后由(you)擔(dan)(dan)(dan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)支付費用，扣減擔(dan)(dan)(dan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)在(zai)銀(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的授信(xin)(xin)額度(du)。被保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)人(ren)則就單(dan)筆(bi)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)函(han)(han)(han)(han)業(ye)(ye)務向(xiang)(xiang)擔(dan)(dan)(dan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)支付擔(dan)(dan)(dan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)費用并(bing)提供反(fan)擔(dan)(dan)(dan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)。

電子保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)單（函）：是保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)機構與(yu)投保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)簽訂(ding)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)合(he)同(tong)(tong)的(de)書(shu)面證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)明(ming)，包括保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)單、保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)條款和(he)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)憑(ping)(ping)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)。其中(zhong)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)單與(yu)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)條款由(you)投保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)（交易項(xiang)目響應(ying)方）收(shou)執，保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)憑(ping)(ping)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)由(you)被(bei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)收(shou)執。保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)憑(ping)(ping)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)應(ying)具有《中(zhong)華人(ren)民共和(he)國擔(dan)(dan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法》等相(xiang)關(guan)法律規定的(de)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)擔(dan)(dan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)作用，明(ming)確、完整(zheng)地記載保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)對被(bei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)應(ying)承擔(dan)(dan)的(de)全部義務及其成立(li)條件和(he)免責(ze)條款。投保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)未(wei)能按(an)主合(he)同(tong)(tong)/基礎(chu)合(he)同(tong)(tong)約(yue)定履(lv)行(xing)其責(ze)任(ren)或義務時，被(bei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)（交易項(xiang)目響應(ying)方）出具保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)憑(ping)(ping)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)向(xiang)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)機構發起索(suo)賠，保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)機構必須依據保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)憑(ping)(ping)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)向(xiang)被(bei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)履(lv)行(xing)相(xiang)應(ying)金(jin)額的(de)擔(dan)(dan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)代(dai)償(chang)責(ze)任(ren)，或代(dai)為履(lv)行(xing)主合(he)同(tong)(tong)/基礎(chu)合(he)同(tong)(tong)的(de)責(ze)任(ren)，不得以僅單方面送達投保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)的(de)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)條款中(zhong)的(de)約(yue)定為由(you)拒絕履(lv)行(xing)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)憑(ping)(ping)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)所載明(ming)的(de)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)責(ze)任(ren)。

擔(dan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)函(han)：擔(dan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)函(han)又稱為公(gong)(gong)司(si)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)函(han)。是指在保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證擔(dan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)業(ye)務(wu)中應保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)函(han)申請(qing)人的請(qing)求，由專(zhuan)業(ye)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證擔(dan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)公(gong)(gong)司(si)向(xiang)受益(yi)人開立的一種書面保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證擔(dan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)憑證。在保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)函(han)申請(qing)人未(wei)能按雙方協(xie)議(yi)約(yue)定履(lv)(lv)行(xing)其(qi)責(ze)任或義務(wu)時(shi)，專(zhuan)業(ye)擔(dan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)公(gong)(gong)司(si)依(yi)據公(gong)(gong)司(si)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)函(han)約(yue)定條件(jian)向(xiang)受益(yi)人履(lv)(lv)行(xing)一定金(jin)額的擔(dan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)代償責(ze)任，或代為履(lv)(lv)行(xing)主合(he)同(tong)/基(ji)礎合(he)同(tong)的責(ze)任。

2.根據公(gong)共(gong)采購（公(gong)共(gong)資(zi)源交(jiao)易(yi)）應用場景不同分為電(dian)(dian)子(zi)投標保函(han)(han)(han)、電(dian)(dian)子(zi)履(lv)約保函(han)(han)(han)、電(dian)(dian)子(zi)農民工(gong)工(gong)資(zi)保函(han)(han)(han)

電子(zi)投(tou)(tou)(tou)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)保(bao)函(han)：是指招投(tou)(tou)(tou)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)活動中(zhong)(zhong)，為(wei)投(tou)(tou)(tou)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)人按(an)照招標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)文(wen)(wen)件(jian)的要(yao)求(qiu)履(lv)行投(tou)(tou)(tou)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)責任(ren)，要(yao)求(qiu)投(tou)(tou)(tou)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)人在(zai)遞交(jiao)投(tou)(tou)(tou)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)文(wen)(wen)件(jian)時(shi)一并遞交(jiao)的由專(zhuan)業金融(rong)機構出具(ju)的電子(zi)擔保(bao)憑證。投(tou)(tou)(tou)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)責任(ren)主要(yao)包括(kuo)：投(tou)(tou)(tou)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)人在(zai)招標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)文(wen)(wen)件(jian)中(zhong)(zhong)規(gui)定(ding)的投(tou)(tou)(tou)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)有效期內(nei)撤回其投(tou)(tou)(tou)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)；中(zhong)(zhong)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)人在(zai)規(gui)定(ding)期限內(nei)未(wei)(wei)能根據投(tou)(tou)(tou)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)人規(gui)定(ding)簽訂合同或按(an)規(gui)定(ding)接受對(dui)錯誤的修正(zheng)和根據招標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)文(wen)(wen)件(jian)規(gui)定(ding)未(wei)(wei)提(ti)交(jiao)履(lv)約保(bao)證金；投(tou)(tou)(tou)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)人采用不正(zheng)當的手段騙取中(zhong)(zhong)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)。

電子履約(yue)保(bao)(bao)(bao)函(han)：項(xiang)目履約(yue)過程(cheng)，應(ying)中(zhong)標人(ren)和(he)承包(bao)方（申請(qing)人(ren)）的(de)請(qing)求，專業金融機構向(xiang)業主方（受益人(ren)）做(zuo)出的(de)一種履約(yue)保(bao)(bao)(bao)證承諾電子擔保(bao)(bao)(bao)憑(ping)證。履約(yue)保(bao)(bao)(bao)證承諾內容(rong)包(bao)括：中(zhong)標人(ren)和(he)承包(bao)方日(ri)后必須按時、按質、按量完成其所承建的(de)項(xiang)目、工程(cheng)。履約(yue)保(bao)(bao)(bao)函(han)有一定的(de)格式限制，也有一定的(de)條件。

電子農民(min)工(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)資(zi)保(bao)(bao)(bao)函：指(zhi)專(zhuan)業(ye)金融機構接(jie)受申(shen)請人（委托人）即施(shi)工(gong)(gong)承包商或(huo)建(jian)設單位的(de)申(shen)請，保(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)其(qi)在勞務(wu)用工(gong)(gong)合同(tong)項下(xia)或(huo)根據工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)所在地政(zheng)府相關要求，按時、足(zu)(zu)額(e)向參(can)與工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)建(jian)設的(de)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)人員（農民(min)工(gong)(gong)）支付工(gong)(gong)資(zi)的(de)電子擔保(bao)(bao)(bao)憑證(zheng)(zheng)，是緩(huan)解企業(ye)（申(shen)請人）財(cai)務(wu)壓力，保(bao)(bao)(bao)障農民(min)工(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)資(zi)如期、足(zu)(zu)額(e)、及時發放的(de)一種業(ye)務(wu)。

三、公共資源交(jiao)易(yi)領(ling)域應用電子(zi)保函(han)（單）的必要性

自2015年國務院(yuan)常務會(hui)議上，李克強總理(li)提出(chu)要(yao)把(ba)各(ge)(ge)項公(gong)共(gong)(gong)資(zi)源(yuan)逐(zhu)步(bu)納入(ru)統一(yi)的(de)平臺上，實現“平臺之外無交(jiao)(jiao)易(yi)”。全面推(tui)進公(gong)共(gong)(gong)資(zi)源(yuan)交(jiao)(jiao)易(yi)全流(liu)程(cheng)電子(zi)(zi)化以(yi)來(lai)，我國各(ge)(ge)級政府機關(guan)都在積極探索推(tui)進“互聯網+公(gong)共(gong)(gong)資(zi)源(yuan)”，截至2019年，各(ge)(ge)省公(gong)共(gong)(gong)資(zi)源(yuan)交(jiao)(jiao)易(yi)全流(liu)程(cheng)電子(zi)(zi)化率在穩步(bu)提高(gao)，部分(fen)省份(fen)或(huo)地市(shi)甚至達到100%，取得了巨(ju)大(da)成(cheng)就。隨著“放管服”不斷(duan)深化，在保障公(gong)共(gong)(gong)資(zi)源(yuan)交(jiao)(jiao)易(yi)活(huo)動的(de)公(gong)正、公(gong)平、公(gong)開的(de)前提下(xia)，如何降低制度性交(jiao)(jiao)易(yi)成(cheng)本(ben)，激發市(shi)場主體活(huo)力，優(you)化營商環境，便成(cheng)為公(gong)共(gong)(gong)資(zi)源(yuan)交(jiao)(jiao)易(yi)過程(cheng)中需要(yao)思(si)考的(de)新命題。

我國部分省市區曾在(zai)(zai)公共(gong)資源交(jiao)易活動中探索(suo)啟用傳(chuan)統紙質(zhi)保函來代替投(tou)標保證(zheng)金，經(jing)過實(shi)踐以(yi)后，發現所存在(zai)(zai)的各(ge)種問(wen)題(ti)限制了紙質(zhi)保函的應(ying)用推(tui)廣，具(ju)體問(wen)題(ti)如下。

1.效率(lv)低

對于(yu)申請人(ren)（投標(biao)人(ren)）：紙質(zhi)保函(han)(han)辦(ban)理手(shou)續煩瑣，需(xu)要投標(biao)人(ren)準(zhun)備大(da)量材料證明，并奔波(bo)在金(jin)融機構(gou)與(yu)中心兩(liang)地，且(qie)辦(ban)理周(zhou)期較長，而投標(biao)過程具(ju)有時效性，因此(ci)導致了投標(biao)人(ren)工作量的(de)增加以及客戶體驗較差，甚(shen)至可能出現(xian)在投標(biao)截止日(ri)之前保函(han)(han)仍未開具(ju)成功(gong)的(de)情況。

對(dui)于(yu)受益人(ren)（交(jiao)易中心或(huo)招標(biao)人(ren)）：紙質保(bao)函需要(yao)交(jiao)易中心安排特定的人(ren)員進行(xing)收取(qu)整理、登記(ji)、辨別保(bao)函真偽，隨著中心業務量不斷(duan)攀升，極大地增加工作人(ren)員的壓力，風(feng)險也(ye)不可控。

2.安全性低

安全性(xing)方面：紙質保(bao)函(han)真偽辨別難(nan)度(du)大(da)，效(xiao)率低。使(shi)得(de)整個市(shi)場受到一定程度(du)的影響，嚴重(zhong)影響了紙質投標保(bao)函(han)的使(shi)用推廣。

紙質保函開具過程中，涉及環節太多，容易(yi)造(zao)成投(tou)(tou)標(biao)單位名單泄(xie)密，造(zao)成招投(tou)(tou)標(biao)中重大安全事故。

所(suo)以，利(li)用大數據(ju)、區塊鏈、人工智能(neng)等技術手(shou)段(duan)構建電子保函（單）體系(xi)，并促進其在公共資(zi)源交易(yi)行業(ye)深(shen)化(hua)應用顯得(de)尤為重(zhong)要。

四(si)、公共資源交易領(ling)域應用(yong)電(dian)子保(bao)函（單）的政策支撐(cheng)

1.國家(jia)部委出臺的(de)相關(guan)文件

2016年(nian)《國(guo)務(wu)院(yuan)辦公(gong)廳關于清(qing)理(li)(li)規(gui)范(fan)(fan)工程(cheng)建(jian)(jian)設領域(yu)保(bao)證(zheng)金的(de)通知(zhi)(zhi)》。自2016年(nian)6月國(guo)務(wu)院(yuan)辦公(gong)廳印發《國(guo)務(wu)院(yuan)辦公(gong)廳關于清(qing)理(li)(li)規(gui)范(fan)(fan)工程(cheng)建(jian)(jian)設領域(yu)保(bao)證(zheng)金的(de)通知(zhi)(zhi)》（以(yi)下簡稱《通知(zhi)(zhi)》）以(yi)來(lai)，全國(guo)便逐(zhu)漸加(jia)快(kuai)了保(bao)函(han)的(de)推(tui)行(xing)速度，以(yi)工程(cheng)建(jian)(jian)設領域(yu)為中心，全方位(wei)輻射多個領域(yu)，滲(shen)透(tou)諸多行(xing)業(ye)。推(tui)行(xing)電(dian)子化保(bao)函(han)既是(shi)政府在幫助企業(ye)減負上的(de)更進(jin)一步舉(ju)措，也(ye)是(shi)實(shi)體經濟發展的(de)必(bi)然進(jin)程(cheng)。《通知(zhi)(zhi)》拓(tuo)寬了保(bao)證(zheng)金繳納方式。

2018年《關于加快(kuai)推進實(shi)施工程(cheng)擔(dan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)制度的指導(dao)意見(jian) （征求意見(jian)稿）》。2018年，住房(fang)和(he)城鄉建設部辦(ban)公廳發布《關于加快(kuai)推進實(shi)施工程(cheng)擔(dan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)制度的指導(dao)意見(jian)（征求意見(jian)稿）》，其明確了工作目標(biao)，“在依法必須(xu)招標(biao)的工程(cheng)項目和(he)民(min)間投(tou)資(zi)的住宅工程(cheng)中推行(xing)工程(cheng)履約擔(dan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)……到(dao)2020年，各類保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)金(jin)的保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)函(han)(han)(han)替代(dai)率(lv)提升30%……銀行(xing)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)函(han)(han)(han)、工程(cheng)擔(dan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)公司(si)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)函(han)(han)(han)以及(ji)工程(cheng)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)單統(tong)稱保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)函(han)(han)(han)。”規(gui)范了保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)函(han)(han)(han)（單）行(xing)業(ye)應(ying)用名稱。“（一(yi)）大力(li)推行(xing)投(tou)標(biao)擔(dan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)……（二(er)）著(zhu)力(li)推行(xing)履約擔(dan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)……（三）加快(kuai)推行(xing)工程(cheng)款支付擔(dan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)……（四）強化(hua)工程(cheng)質量保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)擔(dan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)應(ying)用……（五）全面推行(xing)農民(min)工工資(zi)支付保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)函(han)(han)(han)……（六）推行(xing)工程(cheng)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)函(han)(han)(han)替代(dai)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)金(jin)……”為保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)函(han)(han)(han)在住建行(xing)業(ye)應(ying)用指明了方向。

2019年《關于(yu)進一步加強金融(rong)服(fu)務(wu)民(min)(min)營企業(ye)(ye)有關工作的通(tong)知》。2019年2月發布的此文(wen)件要(yao)求(qiu)“保(bao)(bao)險(xian)機(ji)構(gou)要(yao)不(bu)斷提(ti)升綜(zong)合服(fu)務(wu)水平，在風險(xian)可控情況下提(ti)供更靈活的民(min)(min)營企業(ye)(ye)貸款(kuan)保(bao)(bao)證保(bao)(bao)險(xian)服(fu)務(wu)……商業(ye)(ye)銀(yin)行(xing)要(yao)根據民(min)(min)營企業(ye)(ye)融(rong)資需求(qiu)特點，借助互(hu)聯(lian)網、大數(shu)據等(deng)新技術，設計個性(xing)化(hua)(hua)產品滿(man)足企業(ye)(ye)不(bu)同(tong)要(yao)求(qiu)。綜(zong)合考慮資金成(cheng)本、運營成(cheng)本、服(fu)務(wu)模式(shi)以及擔保(bao)(bao)方(fang)式(shi)等(deng)因素科學定價……推(tui)廣預授信、平行(xing)作業(ye)(ye)、簡(jian)化(hua)(hua)年審等(deng)方(fang)式(shi)，提(ti)高信貸審批效率(lv)……”為金融(rong)機(ji)構(gou)創(chuang)新提(ti)供政策(ce)支撐。

2019年《住房和(he)城鄉建(jian)(jian)設等(deng)部門關于加快推(tui)(tui)進房屋建(jian)(jian)筑和(he)市政基礎(chu)設施工(gong)(gong)程實行(xing)(xing)工(gong)(gong)程擔(dan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)制(zhi)(zhi)度的(de)指導意見》（建(jian)(jian)市〔2019〕68號(hao)）。2019年6月(yue)發布的(de)此文件明確(que)，“(一)推(tui)(tui)行(xing)(xing)工(gong)(gong)程保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)函替代保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證金(jin)……(二(er))大力(li)推(tui)(tui)行(xing)(xing)投標擔(dan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)……(三)著力(li)推(tui)(tui)行(xing)(xing)履約擔(dan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)……(四)強(qiang)(qiang)化(hua)工(gong)(gong)程質量保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證銀行(xing)(xing)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)函應(ying)用(yong)……(五)推(tui)(tui)進農(nong)民工(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)資支付擔(dan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)應(ying)用(yong)……(六)加強(qiang)(qiang)風險控制(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)力(li)建(jian)(jian)設……”

《關(guan)于(yu)印發(fa)<工程項(xiang)目招投標(biao)(biao)(biao)領域(yu)營(ying)商環境專項(xiang)整(zheng)治工作方案>的(de)通(tong)知(zhi)》（發(fa)改(gai)辦法(fa)規〔2019〕862號）。該(gai)文件明確，為消除招投標(biao)(biao)(biao)過程中對不(bu)同所有制企業設(she)置(zhi)的(de)各類不(bu)合理(li)限制和壁壘，維護公平競爭的(de)市(shi)場秩序(xu)，國家發(fa)展改(gai)革委等(deng)多部委決定在(zai)全國開展工程項(xiang)目招投標(biao)(biao)(biao)領域(yu)營(ying)商環境專項(xiang)整(zheng)治：限定投標(biao)(biao)(biao)保(bao)(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)金、履約保(bao)(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)金只能以現(xian)金形式提交，或(huo)者不(bu)按規定或(huo)者合同約定返還保(bao)(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)金。

2019年《關于深化(hua)公(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)源交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)易(yi)平(ping)臺整合共(gong)(gong)(gong)享的指導意見》該文件(jian)要求“健全平(ping)臺電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)系統。加強(qiang)公(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)源交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)易(yi)平(ping)臺電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)系統建(jian)設，明確交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)易(yi)、服務、監管等(deng)各(ge)子(zi)(zi)(zi)系統的功能定(ding)位，實(shi)現互聯互通和(he)信息資(zi)源共(gong)(gong)(gong)享，并(bing)同(tong)步規劃、建(jian)設、使(shi)用(yong)信息基礎設施(shi)，完善相(xiang)關安全技術措施(shi)，確保系統和(he)數據安全……推動電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)營業執照、電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)擔(dan)保保函在(zai)公(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)源交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)易(yi)領域(yu)的應用(yong)，降低企業交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)易(yi)成(cheng)本(ben)，提高交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)易(yi)效率。”文件(jian)明確鼓(gu)勵(li)公(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)源交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)易(yi)領域(yu)引入電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)擔(dan)保保函（單）應用(yong)；同(tong)時也闡明電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)擔(dan)保保函（單）的應用(yong)是降低交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)易(yi)成(cheng)本(ben)的方式之(zhi)一。

2.部分省市出臺(tai)的(de)相關(guan)文件

黑龍江省(sheng)《關于推(tui)行工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)擔(dan)(dan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)制度的(de)通知》。文件中(zhong)明(ming)確(que)指(zhi)出保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)函(han)(han)類別及相關要(yao)求：“三、積極(ji)推(tui)行工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)擔(dan)(dan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)制度。工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)擔(dan)(dan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)主要(yao)包(bao)括業主工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)款支付擔(dan)(dan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)、履約(yue)擔(dan)(dan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)、投標擔(dan)(dan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)、農民工(gong)工(gong)資(zi)支付擔(dan)(dan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)、工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)質量保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)修擔(dan)(dan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)。投標保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)金、履約(yue)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)金、質量保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)金、農民工(gong)工(gong)資(zi)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)障(zhang)金應(ying)優先(xian)采用(yong)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)擔(dan)(dan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)方式。保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險公司(si)出具(ju)(ju)的(de)履約(yue)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險合(he)同(tong)或(huo)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險單(dan)(以(yi)下(xia)統稱“保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險合(he)同(tong)”)、銀(yin)行保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)函(han)(han)和擔(dan)(dan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)機構保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)函(han)(han)與現金具(ju)(ju)有同(tong)等效(xiao)力，有關部門、單(dan)位和企(qi)業不得(de)以(yi)任何(he)方式排斥、限制或(huo)拒(ju)絕接受(shou)。”

《遼寧省政府辦(ban)公廳關于促進建筑業持續(xu)健康發展的(de)(de)實施(shi)意見》。文件(jian)中指出“加強承包履約管理，減輕企業負擔。支持參建各方以銀行保(bao)(bao)函(han)(han)或擔保(bao)(bao)公司保(bao)(bao)函(han)(han)的(de)(de)方式(shi)降低運(yun)營(ying)成(cheng)本，相(xiang)關單位不得拒絕企業以保(bao)(bao)函(han)(han)、擔保(bao)(bao)方式(shi)代替各類保(bao)(bao)證金。”  

《河南省工(gong)程項(xiang)目招(zhao)(zhao)投標(biao)領域營商環境專項(xiang)整治實施方案》。文(wen)件(jian)(jian)中(zhong)指出：“依法清(qing)理(li)、排查和(he)(he)糾正招(zhao)(zhao)投標(biao)法規(gui)政策(ce)、招(zhao)(zhao)標(biao)公告(gao)(gao)、投標(biao)邀請(qing)書、資格預(yu)(yu)審公告(gao)(gao)、資格預(yu)(yu)審文(wen)件(jian)(jian)、招(zhao)(zhao)標(biao)文(wen)件(jian)(jian)和(he)(he)招(zhao)(zhao)投標(biao)實際操作(zuo)中(zhong)，針對不(bu)同所有制(zhi)、內外資企業設置的(de)不(bu)合理(li)限制(zhi)和(he)(he)壁(bi)壘，重點對以(yi)下問題進行(xing)整治……”其中(zhong)第(di)15條(tiao)“限定投標(biao)保證金、履約(yue)保證金只能以(yi)現金形式提交，或者不(bu)按規(gui)定或者合同約(yue)定返還保證金。”

《吉林省工(gong)(gong)程建設(she)擔(dan)保(bao)實(shi)施辦法》。“（六）工(gong)(gong)程建設(she)擔(dan)保(bao)包括發包人(ren)的(de)支付擔(dan)保(bao)及承包人(ren)的(de)投標擔(dan)保(bao)、履約擔(dan)保(bao)和(he)預付款擔(dan)保(bao)。承包人(ren)根據相關規定(ding)應支付的(de)工(gong)(gong)程質量保(bao)證(zheng)金(jin)、農民工(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)資支付保(bao)證(zheng)金(jin)、工(gong)(gong)程質量保(bao)修金(jin)、安全(quan)生產風險抵押(ya)金(jin)等(deng)費用，也可以采用擔(dan)保(bao)的(de)方式。工(gong)(gong)程建設(she)擔(dan)保(bao)根據保(bao)額數量分為高保(bao)額和(he)低保(bao)額兩種模式。”

內蒙古自(zi)治區《關于推行(xing)建(jian)設(she)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)通知（征求意見稿）》。“建(jian)設(she)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)是在工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)設(she)過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中由保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)公司(si)提供的(de)(de)一(yi)種工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)風險(xian)(xian)(xian)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)障機制(zhi)，可以涵蓋建(jian)設(she)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)招標投標、合同(tong)履(lv)約(yue)、資金(jin)支付、質量保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)修等(deng)各階段和環(huan)節。保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)公司(si)出(chu)具(ju)的(de)(de)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)合同(tong)或保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)單作為工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)設(she)過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中投標、履(lv)約(yue)及支付保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)的(de)(de)形式之(zhi)一(yi)，與(yu)現(xian)金(jin)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)金(jin)、銀行(xing)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)函(han)具(ju)有(you)同(tong)等(deng)效力(li)……”

《山東(dong)省人民政府辦公廳(ting)關于(yu)貫徹(che)國(guo)辦發〔2017〕19號文件(jian)促進(jin)建筑業(ye)改(gai)革發展(zhan)的實施(shi)意(yi)見》（魯(lu)政辦發〔2017〕57號）。“支持參建各方以(yi)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)函、保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)、擔保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)方式(shi)降低(di)運營成(cheng)本，相關單位不得拒(ju)絕企業(ye)以(yi)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)函、保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)、擔保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)方式(shi)代替各類(lei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證金(jin)。”

山東省住房和(he)城鄉建設廳、山東省發展(zhan)和(he)改革(ge)委員(yuan)會(hui)、中國保(bao)險(xian)(xian)監(jian)(jian)(jian)督(du)管理委員(yuan)會(hui)山東監(jian)(jian)(jian)管局、中國保(bao)險(xian)(xian)監(jian)(jian)(jian)督(du)管理委員(yuan)會(hui)青島監(jian)(jian)(jian)管局《關(guan)于(yu)開展(zhan)房屋建筑和(he)市政工(gong)(gong)程投(tou)標(biao)(biao)(biao)保(bao)證保(bao)險(xian)(xian)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)的(de)意見（試行(xing)(xing)）》（魯(lu)建建管字〔2018〕11號）。“在我(wo)省進行(xing)(xing)房屋建筑和(he)市政工(gong)(gong)程招標(biao)(biao)(biao)投(tou)標(biao)(biao)(biao)活動時，投(tou)標(biao)(biao)(biao)人(ren)可(ke)以根據自身情況，自愿(yuan)選(xuan)擇投(tou)標(biao)(biao)(biao)保(bao)證金、保(bao)險(xian)(xian)保(bao)函、銀行(xing)(xing)保(bao)函等任一形式作(zuo)為投(tou)標(biao)(biao)(biao)保(bao)證，任何單位在招標(biao)(biao)(biao)活動中不得(de)以任何理由拒絕或限(xian)制使用……投(tou)標(biao)(biao)(biao)人(ren)可(ke)以按項(xiang)目(mu)購(gou)買(mai)投(tou)標(biao)(biao)(biao)保(bao)證保(bao)險(xian)(xian)，也可(ke)以根據經(jing)(jing)營情況經(jing)(jing)與保(bao)險(xian)(xian)機構(gou)協商后(hou)按年度一次性購(gou)買(mai)。投(tou)標(biao)(biao)(biao)人(ren)支付的(de)保(bao)險(xian)(xian)費必須由本單位基本賬戶支付。”

關于《廣東省(sheng)公(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)交(jiao)易保(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)擔(dan)(dan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)業(ye)(ye)務(wu)規(gui)范(fan)(fan)(fan)》 征求(qiu)(qiu)意見的通(tong)知。“為(wei)了適應公(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)交(jiao)易市場(chang)化(hua)改革和電子(zi)化(hua)發展的需要(yao)(yao)，進一(yi)步規(gui)范(fan)(fan)(fan)我(wo)省(sheng)公(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)交(jiao)易保(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)擔(dan)(dan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)行為(wei)，并為(wei)我(wo)省(sheng)公(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)交(jiao)易主(zhu)體、平臺服務(wu)機構和主(zhu)管部門提供(gong)便捷、規(gui)范(fan)(fan)(fan)、高(gao)效的公(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)交(jiao)易保(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)擔(dan)(dan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)信息(xi)服務(wu)，同時(shi)，加強我(wo)省(sheng)公(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)交(jiao)易保(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)擔(dan)(dan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)業(ye)(ye)務(wu)的誠信自律和信用信息(xi)管理(li)，我(wo)會組織編制了《廣東省(sheng)公(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)交(jiao)易保(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)擔(dan)(dan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)業(ye)(ye)務(wu)規(gui)范(fan)(fan)(fan)》”。規(gui)范(fan)(fan)(fan)中對保(bao)(bao)(bao)函(han)定義、格式、業(ye)(ye)務(wu)類型、管理(li)辦法(fa)等作出解(jie)釋(shi)及(ji)要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)。

五(wu)、電子保函（單）在(zai)公共(gong)資源交(jiao)易領域應用(yong)情況分析

近年來，全國多地(di)(di)區(qu)都嘗(chang)試在公共資(zi)源交易(yi)領域引進電子保函(han)（單(dan)(dan)），目前(qian)以電子保函(han)代替(ti)投(tou)標(biao)保證金居多，已(yi)有13個省（自(zi)治區(qu)）推行上線了電子投(tou)標(biao)保函(han)服務，其中以浙(zhe)江和福建(jian)上線地(di)(di)市數量最多。表3-2-1為部分電子保函(han)平臺上線名(ming)單(dan)(dan)。

電子投標保函服務的(de)建(jian)設模式多種多樣(yang)，主要(yao)是因對(dui)(dui)接(jie)(jie)的(de)金(jin)融機構(gou)不(bu)(bu)同(tong)而不(bu)(bu)同(tong)，當然，對(dui)(dui)不(bu)(bu)同(tong)的(de)建(jian)設模式接(jie)(jie)受監(jian)管要(yao)求(qiu)也(ye)不(bu)(bu)一樣(yang)，各(ge)地對(dui)(dui)接(jie)(jie)金(jin)融機構(gou)的(de)評估要(yao)求(qiu)和對(dui)(dui)接(jie)(jie)數量(liang)也(ye)不(bu)(bu)一樣(yang)。

目前，電子投標(biao)保函（單）在建(jian)設(she)過程中考(kao)慮的因素有如下幾個方面。

（1）對接(jie)的金融機(ji)構(gou)：各地在推廣建設過程中，對接(jie)的金融機(ji)構(gou)不(bu)同(tong)，觸(chu)發的管理形(xing)式(shi)不(bu)同(tong)（銀行、保險、擔(dan)保、第三方平臺所(suo)遵(zun)循的監管要求是不(bu)一樣的）。

（2）要求保(bao)(bao)函(han)(han)承保(bao)(bao)的內容：不(bu)同(tong)金融機構管理要求不(bu)同(tong)，所以保(bao)(bao)函(han)(han)承保(bao)(bao)內容不(bu)一致。

（3）保費(fei)繳納(na)要求：各地招(zhao)投標法律法規和監管要求不一致(zhi)，對投標人繳納(na)保費(fei)的要求也(ye)不一樣。

（4）與交易平臺數據傳輸要(yao)求(qiu)：必須要(yao)滿足公共資源交易領(ling)域以及金融行業(ye)信息(xi)安全(quan)要(yao)求(qiu)。

（5）理賠要求：必須滿足(zu)公共資源交易過程中的理賠要求，同(tong)時不能(neng)與(yu)金融服務行(xing)業(ye)準則有沖突。

以(yi)2019年湖(hu)州公共資源交易中(zhong)心的電子(zi)投標保(bao)函應用情況為例(li)（數據來(lai)源于湖(hu)州公共資源交易中(zhong)心），如(ru)表3-2-2所示。

湖州(zhou)建設模式如下。

（1）對(dui)接金(jin)融(rong)機(ji)構(gou)：先期對(dui)接的是保險機(ji)構(gou)，逐步對(dui)接其他類型金(jin)融(rong)機(ji)構(gou)。

（2）保函承保的內容：基于對接的保險機構，其(qi)保函承保內容是按照保險行(xing)業要求(qiu)的范本進(jin)行(xing)提供。

（3）保(bao)費(fei)繳(jiao)納：按照當地監管要求，保(bao)費(fei)的繳(jiao)納須從投標人(ren)基本戶(hu)進行支(zhi)付。

（4）與交易(yi)平臺(tai)數據傳(chuan)(chuan)輸：按(an)照交易(yi)平臺(tai)投標前(qian)名單保密原則進行相(xiang)關(guan)敏感數據加(jia)密傳(chuan)(chuan)輸。

（5）理(li)賠：按照交(jiao)易(yi)中心見索(suo)即付的賠付要求，采用線下理(li)賠服務(wu)流程(cheng)，后期逐(zhu)步對接(jie)線上(shang)理(li)賠服務(wu)流程(cheng)。

據統(tong)計(ji)，2019年(nian)(nian)度(du)湖州(zhou)市全年(nian)(nian)給企業釋放資金達1.24億，保函(han)復合替(ti)代率達到44%（年(nian)(nian)度(du)聯保體保證金除外(wai)），在啟用電子保函(han)以(yi)來其(qi)作用是(shi)突(tu)出的。真正降低了企業的交易成本，為企業減(jian)負做出了貢獻。

其他部分地市情況如下。

（1）包頭市電子保(bao)函(han)（單）自2018年9月上(shang)線以來(lai)，共(gong)計給企業資金釋放達到1.3億元(yuan)，保(bao)函(han)復合(he)替代率達到45.9%。（數(shu)據來(lai)源(yuan)于(yu)包頭公共(gong)資源(yuan)交易中心）

（2）義烏市(shi)電(dian)子(zi)保(bao)函（單）自2019年6月份上線以(yi)來，全市(shi)給企(qi)業資金(jin)釋放達到2.94億元，保(bao)函復合替(ti)代率(lv)達到22.3%。（數據來源于義烏公共資源交易中心）

六、電子(zi)投標(biao)保函（單）在(zai)公(gong)共(gong)資源交(jiao)易(yi)領(ling)域的應用思考

目(mu)前，電子(zi)(zi)保函(han)（單(dan)）在全國公共(gong)資源交(jiao)(jiao)易(yi)(yi)領(ling)域(yu)(yu)應用(yong)(yong)最廣的是電子(zi)(zi)投標(biao)(biao)(biao)保函(han)（單(dan)）。隨著工作推進(jin)，公共(gong)資源交(jiao)(jiao)易(yi)(yi)領(ling)域(yu)(yu)電子(zi)(zi)投標(biao)(biao)(biao)保函(han)（單(dan)）的應用(yong)(yong)越(yue)來越(yue)廣，建設的方式也是多(duo)種(zhong)多(duo)樣，帶(dai)來的不確(que)定因素也很多(duo)。電子(zi)(zi)投標(biao)(biao)(biao)保函(han)（單(dan)）作為公共(gong)資源交(jiao)(jiao)易(yi)(yi)和金融(rong)兩個(ge)領(ling)域(yu)(yu)融(rong)合(he)衍生的新(xin)型應用(yong)(yong)，如何進(jin)一步規范，且能適(shi)應兩個(ge)領(ling)域(yu)(yu)的監管(guan)要求，又能起到(dao)其本(ben)身屬(shu)性的應有作用(yong)(yong)，是一個(ge)新(xin)的課(ke)題。對(dui)于電子(zi)(zi)投標(biao)(biao)(biao)保函(han)（單(dan)），有以下幾個(ge)觀點(dian)。

（一）電子投標(biao)保(bao)函（單）擔保(bao)內容

根據電(dian)(dian)子投(tou)(tou)(tou)標(biao)(biao)(biao)保(bao)(bao)(bao)函(han)（單(dan)）的(de)定(ding)義，電(dian)(dian)子投(tou)(tou)(tou)標(biao)(biao)(biao)保(bao)(bao)(bao)函(han)（單(dan)）主要擔(dan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)的(de)是投(tou)(tou)(tou)標(biao)(biao)(biao)人(ren)(ren)在(zai)投(tou)(tou)(tou)標(biao)(biao)(biao)過(guo)程(cheng)需(xu)(xu)要履行的(de)相(xiang)關責(ze)任(ren)，一(yi)般(ban)其(qi)擔(dan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)內容及(ji)免(mian)賠條款等(deng)都需(xu)(xu)要在(zai)電(dian)(dian)子保(bao)(bao)(bao)函(han)（單(dan)）文(wen)件(jian)條款中(zhong)明確，一(yi)旦(dan)投(tou)(tou)(tou)標(biao)(biao)(biao)人(ren)(ren)有違反相(xiang)關擔(dan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)內容的(de)行為發生，保(bao)(bao)(bao)函(han)的(de)受益(yi)人(ren)(ren)將有權力(li)按保(bao)(bao)(bao)函(han)文(wen)件(jian)向擔(dan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)方進(jin)行索賠。在(zai)推進(jin)電(dian)(dian)子保(bao)(bao)(bao)函(han)（單(dan)）在(zai)公共資源交易領域應(ying)用(yong)過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)，作為交易中(zhong)心，一(yi)定(ding)要對電(dian)(dian)子保(bao)(bao)(bao)函(han)（單(dan)）文(wen)本內容重點關注，規避(bi)其(qi)中(zhong)的(de)免(mian)賠風險，保(bao)(bao)(bao)障公共資源交易工作順利(li)進(jin)行，避(bi)免(mian)出現擔(dan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)責(ze)任(ren)覆蓋不(bu)全保(bao)(bao)(bao)函(han)文(wen)件(jian)，最終讓招(zhao)標(biao)(biao)(biao)人(ren)(ren)的(de)利(li)益(yi)受到(dao)損害。

例如，2019年9月(yue)12日，中國保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)行業協會首(shou)次公開(kai)發布(bu)《建設工程施工合(he)同(tong)投標保(bao)(bao)證(zheng)保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)示范條款》，示范條款主要(yao)包含：保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)責任(ren)、責任(ren)免除(chu)、保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)金額和免賠率(額)、保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)期(qi)間、保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)義務、投保(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)和被保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)（受益(yi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)）義務、賠償處理、爭議處理、其他事項、釋義、合(he)同(tong)終止(zhi)等內容。著重(zhong)規定(ding)投保(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)、被保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)（受益(yi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)）的責任(ren)與(yu)義務，進(jin)而保(bao)(bao)障保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)、被保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)（受益(yi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)）雙方的權(quan)利。

（二）電(dian)子投標保函（單）信息傳輸(shu)過程安全性

隨(sui)著計(ji)算機技術的(de)(de)飛速發展(zhan)，信(xin)(xin)息(xi)(xi)網絡已經(jing)成為(wei)社會(hui)發展(zhan)的(de)(de)重(zhong)要保(bao)(bao)證，信(xin)(xin)息(xi)(xi)安全建(jian)設已經(jing)成為(wei)信(xin)(xin)息(xi)(xi)化(hua)建(jian)設中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)核心任務(wu)之一，進(jin)入電(dian)子化(hua)時代(dai)的(de)(de)公(gong)(gong)共(gong)資(zi)源交易領(ling)域作為(wei)保(bao)(bao)障市場秩(zhi)序(xu)“公(gong)(gong)開(kai)、公(gong)(gong)平、公(gong)(gong)正”典(dian)型代(dai)表，其信(xin)(xin)息(xi)(xi)安全建(jian)設更是刻不容緩，所以在推進(jin)電(dian)子投(tou)標保(bao)(bao)函（單）在公(gong)(gong)共(gong)資(zi)源交易領(ling)域應用過程中(zhong)(zhong)，如(ru)何做好(hao)避免信(xin)(xin)息(xi)(xi)泄密等信(xin)(xin)息(xi)(xi)安全防(fang)控是重(zhong)中(zhong)(zhong)之重(zhong)。建(jian)議在與(yu)電(dian)子保(bao)(bao)函平臺(tai)對(dui)接的(de)(de)風險控制設計(ji)上考慮如(ru)下幾點內容。

1. 名單保密(mi)設計

敏感(gan)數(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)加(jia)密(mi)。按照公共資源交易(yi)標前環節名單數(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)保(bao)(bao)密(mi)的要求，對電子保(bao)(bao)函(han)平臺中(zhong)未開標標段(duan)的保(bao)(bao)函(han)申(shen)請(qing)的相(xiang)關信(xin)息進(jin)行(xing)加(jia)密(mi)，加(jia)密(mi)數(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)包括保(bao)(bao)函(han)申(shen)請(qing)數(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)、保(bao)(bao)費(fei)支(zhi)付數(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)、保(bao)(bao)函(han)文(wen)件(jian)數(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)。開標后對加(jia)密(mi)數(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)進(jin)行(xing)解密(mi)，保(bao)(bao)證開標前保(bao)(bao)函(han)申(shen)請(qing)數(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)的保(bao)(bao)密(mi)性，做到“只(zhi)認企業，不識標段(duan)”。

自(zi)動(dong)審核(he)(he)出函。金(jin)融機構通過智能(neng)審核(he)(he)模(mo)式，做(zuo)到(dao)系統自(zi)動(dong)審核(he)(he)出函，無人工參與，杜絕(jue)人工泄密渠道。

名(ming)單時間(jian)控制。投標單位申請電子(zi)保(bao)函（單）后可(ke)以在業務系(xi)統(tong)查詢(xun)申請保(bao)函結果，但是只能在保(bao)函平臺(tai)進行保(bao)函文件(jian)下載，到開(kai)標時間(jian)后才能在業務系(xi)統(tong)中查詢(xun)保(bao)函申請的明細以及下載具體(ti)的保(bao)函文件(jian)。

2.接口安全(quan)設計

訪(fang)問(wen)限(xian)制。對電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)交易(yi)系統與電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)保函平臺(tai)之間(jian)的接口(kou)(kou)進行訪(fang)問(wen)限(xian)制，只有電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)保函平臺(tai)的出口(kou)(kou)IP才能(neng)訪(fang)問(wen)此接口(kou)(kou)，防(fang)止接口(kou)(kou)被非法調用。

數(shu)據(ju)簽名(ming)加密。電(dian)子交易系統與電(dian)子保函平(ping)臺之間(jian)的(de)(de)接口數(shu)據(ju)進行(xing)加密傳輸，使用數(shu)字簽名(ming)來保證數(shu)據(ju)的(de)(de)合法性(xing)、安(an)全性(xing)。

（三）金融機構的(de)風險(xian)控制

電子(zi)保(bao)函(han)(han)(han)（單）突破(po)了傳統保(bao)函(han)(han)(han)的審(shen)批(pi)流程和(he)風(feng)控模(mo)型，金(jin)融機構(gou)對(dui)于(yu)(yu)投標人審(shen)批(pi)材(cai)料的獲取都是通過(guo)線上對(dui)接的方式，完全基于(yu)(yu)互聯(lian)網大數(shu)(shu)據(ju)風(feng)控模(mo)型進行(xing)自動審(shen)批(pi)出(chu)函(han)(han)(han)，金(jin)融機構(gou)對(dui)于(yu)(yu)企業(ye)(ye)的風(feng)險(xian)識(shi)別更依賴于(yu)(yu)數(shu)(shu)據(ju)，對(dui)于(yu)(yu)數(shu)(shu)據(ju)的真實性(xing)(xing)、有(you)效性(xing)(xing)、及(ji)時性(xing)(xing)都提出(chu)了極(ji)高(gao)的要求。所(suo)以(yi)，在推進電子(zi)保(bao)函(han)(han)(han)（單）應用過(guo)程中(zhong)，以(yi)企業(ye)(ye)自愿且不影響公共資源交易(yi)安全為前提，為金(jin)融機構(gou)識(shi)別企業(ye)(ye)風(feng)險(xian)提供更高(gao)質量的數(shu)(shu)據(ju)是幫助(zhu)其降低風(feng)險(xian)的有(you)效手段。

（四）繳納保函(han)的(de)擔保費的(de)方式

《招(zhao)(zhao)標(biao)(biao)(biao)投(tou)(tou)標(biao)(biao)(biao)法(fa)》規定，招(zhao)(zhao)投(tou)(tou)標(biao)(biao)(biao)的(de)(de)(de)監督(du)與管理由國(guo)務院(yuan)負責(ze)，國(guo)務院(yuan)發(fa)文(wen)規定由發(fa)展改(gai)革委(wei)負責(ze)全國(guo)招(zhao)(zhao)投(tou)(tou)標(biao)(biao)(biao)的(de)(de)(de)管理，但招(zhao)(zhao)投(tou)(tou)標(biao)(biao)(biao)監督(du)實(shi)行(xing)(xing)行(xing)(xing)業(ye)監管。各(ge)行(xing)(xing)業(ye)在此問題上又進一(yi)步進行(xing)(xing)了(le)細化，《中華(hua)人民共和(he)國(guo)招(zhao)(zhao)標(biao)(biao)(biao)投(tou)(tou)標(biao)(biao)(biao)法(fa)實(shi)施條例(li)》中明確“依法(fa)必(bi)須(xu)進行(xing)(xing)招(zhao)(zhao)標(biao)(biao)(biao)的(de)(de)(de)項目的(de)(de)(de)境內投(tou)(tou)標(biao)(biao)(biao)單位，以(yi)現金(jin)或者支票形式提(ti)交(jiao)的(de)(de)(de)投(tou)(tou)標(biao)(biao)(biao)保證(zheng)金(jin)應當從其(qi)(qi)基(ji)本(ben)(ben)賬(zhang)(zhang)戶(hu)轉(zhuan)出”，很多部(bu)委(wei)也都(dou)做了(le)類似規定投(tou)(tou)標(biao)(biao)(biao)保證(zheng)金(jin)必(bi)須(xu)從基(ji)本(ben)(ben)賬(zhang)(zhang)戶(hu)轉(zhuan)出，例(li)如交(jiao)通運輸部(bu)（可(ke)參見《公路工程(cheng)標(biao)(biao)(biao)準施工招(zhao)(zhao)標(biao)(biao)(biao)文(wen)件（2009版）》）其(qi)(qi)目的(de)(de)(de)是防止投(tou)(tou)標(biao)(biao)(biao)企業(ye)借用資質，圍、串(chuan)標(biao)(biao)(biao)情況(kuang)的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)生。如何延續傳統保證(zheng)金(jin)基(ji)本(ben)(ben)賬(zhang)(zhang)戶(hu)繳(jiao)納對招(zhao)(zhao)投(tou)(tou)標(biao)(biao)(biao)市場秩(zhi)序的(de)(de)(de)管控作用，也是在推進電子保函(han)（單）過程(cheng)中需要注意(yi)的(de)(de)(de)問題。

為響應《中華人(ren)民共(gong)和國招標(biao)投標(biao)法實施條例》相關要求，部分區域在(zai)推進電子保(bao)函(han)（單(dan)）應用過程中，要求投標(biao)人(ren)購買電子保(bao)函(han)（單(dan)）服(fu)務的擔保(bao)費用必須由(you)投標(biao)人(ren)基本(ben)(ben)賬戶支付(fu)。一方(fang)面延續了(le)(le)法律法規中關于“保(bao)證金(jin)繳(jiao)納由(you)基本(ben)(ben)戶轉(zhuan)出”的要求，另一方(fang)面在(zai)降(jiang)低制(zhi)度性(xing)成(cheng)本(ben)(ben)的同時增加了(le)(le)圍(wei)標(biao)串標(biao)的難(nan)度，控制(zhi)了(le)(le)風險。

例(li)如，山(shan)東(dong)(dong)省住房和(he)城鄉建(jian)(jian)設廳、山(shan)東(dong)(dong)省發展(zhan)和(he)改革委(wei)員會、中(zhong)國保險(xian)監督管(guan)理委(wei)員會山(shan)東(dong)(dong)監管(guan)局、中(zhong)國保險(xian)監督管(guan)理委(wei)員會青島監管(guan)局《關于開展(zhan)房屋建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)和(he)市政工程投標保證保險(xian)工作的意見（試行(xing)）》（魯(lu)建(jian)(jian)建(jian)(jian)管(guan)字〔2018〕11號(hao)）就做了明確(que)的要(yao)求；浙江省部分地市也做了類似要(yao)求，效果顯著。

（五）保(bao)函接收方接收電子投標保(bao)函（單）

傳統紙質(zhi)保(bao)函(han)，交易中心(xin)或招標方需要指定(ding)專人(ren)來收取保(bao)函(han)，同(tong)時對(dui)(dui)保(bao)函(han)進(jin)行(xing)存檔(dang)、退(tui)還、備案等，手(shou)續煩(fan)瑣，耗時耗力，同(tong)時對(dui)(dui)保(bao)函(han)真偽也無法進(jin)行(xing)有(you)效辨(bian)別。

電(dian)子保函(han)采(cai)用平臺(tai)自(zi)動(dong)接(jie)收，自(zi)動(dong)核驗，自(zi)動(dong)備案(an)，通過與金融機(ji)構(gou)的(de)系(xi)統對接(jie)，同時(shi)通過對數(shu)據電(dian)文(wen)以及電(dian)子簽(qian)名(ming)等驗證(zheng)，既規避(bi)了(le)假保函(han)問(wen)題，又減輕了(le)保函(han)接(jie)收方(fang)的(de)工作量(liang)。

（六）電子(zi)保函(han)（單(dan)）的賠付問(wen)題

電子保(bao)函（單）替(ti)代(dai)保(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)金(jin)，不僅(jin)僅(jin)要(yao)從形式(shi)上替(ti)代(dai)保(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)金(jin)，實質上也(ye)應(ying)(ying)(ying)該與(yu)保(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)金(jin)達到同樣的(de)(de)(de)效力(li)。招(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)投(tou)(tou)(tou)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)是一(yi)項嚴肅的(de)(de)(de)法(fa)律活(huo)動，招(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)招(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)是一(yi)種要(yao)約(yue)(yue)邀(yao)請(qing)(qing)行(xing)(xing)為(wei)，投(tou)(tou)(tou)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)人(ren)作(zuo)為(wei)受(shou)要(yao)約(yue)(yue)人(ren)，向(xiang)招(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)人(ren)(要(yao)約(yue)(yue)人(ren))遞(di)交投(tou)(tou)(tou)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)文(wen)件之(zhi)后，即意(yi)味著響應(ying)(ying)(ying)招(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)人(ren)發出的(de)(de)(de)要(yao)約(yue)(yue)邀(yao)請(qing)(qing)，應(ying)(ying)(ying)當遵守招(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)文(wen)件及相關法(fa)律法(fa)規的(de)(de)(de)要(yao)求、規定。所以(yi)，投(tou)(tou)(tou)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)保(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)金(jin)能夠對投(tou)(tou)(tou)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)投(tou)(tou)(tou)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)行(xing)(xing)為(wei)產生約(yue)(yue)束(shu)作(zuo)用，這是投(tou)(tou)(tou)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)保(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)金(jin)最基本(ben)的(de)(de)(de)功(gong)能。由于電子保(bao)函（單）采用的(de)(de)(de)是金(jin)融機(ji)構擔保(bao)的(de)(de)(de)方式(shi)，招(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)方或交易中(zhong)心并(bing)(bing)未(wei)直接收取(qu)到投(tou)(tou)(tou)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)保(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)金(jin)，一(yi)旦發生投(tou)(tou)(tou)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)人(ren)違約(yue)(yue)情(qing)(qing)況，需要(yao)金(jin)融機(ji)構對招(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)人(ren)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)保(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)金(jin)的(de)(de)(de)賠付(fu)，所以(yi)金(jin)融機(ji)構的(de)(de)(de)履約(yue)(yue)能力(li)、賠付(fu)能力(li)以(yi)及賠付(fu)流程(cheng)是電子保(bao)函（單）應(ying)(ying)(ying)用推進(jin)中(zhong)需要(yao)著重考慮的(de)(de)(de)問題，否(fou)則(ze)出現拒(ju)賠或者賠付(fu)不及時等(deng)情(qing)(qing)況將會損害招(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)人(ren)、交易中(zhong)心在招(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)投(tou)(tou)(tou)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)過程(cheng)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)合法(fa)權益(yi)，并(bing)(bing)失去對投(tou)(tou)(tou)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)人(ren)行(xing)(xing)為(wei)的(de)(de)(de)約(yue)(yue)束(shu)作(zuo)用。

根據各地區的(de)(de)(de)市(shi)場情(qing)況，首先(xian)要制定適宜的(de)(de)(de)金融機構準(zhun)(zhun)入標準(zhun)(zhun)，選擇有賠(pei)付(fu)保障的(de)(de)(de)金融機構，其次要將保函的(de)(de)(de)賠(pei)付(fu)形成一套(tao)標準(zhun)(zhun)體系(xi)及流(liu)程，以此來提高理賠(pei)效率。目前已經(jing)有部分(fen)先(xian)進(jin)區域開(kai)始嘗試電子(zi)保函線上賠(pei)付(fu)的(de)(de)(de)方案。

金(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)機(ji)(ji)構(gou)賠(pei)(pei)付能力：受益于國家(jia)金(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)改革的開放，更多的大(da)小型金(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)機(ji)(ji)構(gou)成立，但許多金(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)機(ji)(ji)構(gou)的信用(yong)評級非常一(yi)般，因此電子保函平臺(tai)應當引入大(da)型具有(you)國內外高評級的金(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)機(ji)(ji)構(gou)，確保在觸發賠(pei)(pei)付條件時(shi)金(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)機(ji)(ji)構(gou)有(you)足夠的賠(pei)(pei)付履約能力。

賠(pei)付(fu)效率、流程：傳統的(de)(de)賠(pei)付(fu)較為緩慢，容易(yi)(yi)產生法(fa)律問題(ti)，有條件的(de)(de)可(ke)以采用“見(jian)索(suo)即付(fu)，先賠(pei)后索(suo)”方式，即金融機構先行賠(pei)付(fu)給交(jiao)易(yi)(yi)中(zhong)心(xin)，然后再(zai)向投(tou)標(biao)(biao)單位索(suo)取賠(pei)償，保證政府機構穩定運(yun)營。如果能夠將賠(pei)付(fu)流程再(zai)進(jin)行電子(zi)化、線上化，將打通整個電子(zi)投(tou)標(biao)(biao)保函全流程電子(zi)化，為投(tou)標(biao)(biao)人、交(jiao)易(yi)(yi)中(zhong)心(xin)、招標(biao)(biao)人提(ti)供更優質的(de)(de)服務體驗。

七(qi)、結語

電子(zi)保(bao)函（單）在公(gong)共(gong)采(cai)購（公(gong)共(gong)資源(yuan)交(jiao)易）中的(de)應(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)是(shi)“互聯(lian)網+公(gong)共(gong)資源(yuan)交(jiao)易+金融(rong)服務”的(de)創新(xin)產(chan)物，對于(yu)公(gong)共(gong)資源(yuan)交(jiao)易深化(hua)改革(ge)起到了積極(ji)(ji)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)，是(shi)金融(rong)服務與公(gong)共(gong)資源(yuan)交(jiao)易服務的(de)跨(kua)界(jie)融(rong)合。因此(ci)，我們(men)在看到其(qi)給社會帶來(lai)(lai)積極(ji)(ji)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)同時(shi)也要清(qing)醒地認識到其(qi)中跨(kua)行業帶來(lai)(lai)的(de)風險及問題，如何使(shi)這項創新(xin)應(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)同時(shi)滿足公(gong)共(gong)資源(yuan)交(jiao)易以及金融(rong)行業的(de)法律體(ti)系及監(jian)管(guan)規定(ding)，使(shi)其(qi)健康發展，是(shi)我們(men)必須要考慮的(de)，只有這樣(yang)，電子(zi)保(bao)函（單）才能在公(gong)共(gong)采(cai)購（公(gong)共(gong)資源(yuan)交(jiao)易）應(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)場(chang)景中發揮(hui)其(qi)正向價值，形(xing)成參與主體(ti)多(duo)方共(gong)贏的(de)局(ju)面。

參考文獻

《使用信息技(ji)術手(shou)段防控公共資源交(jiao)易廉政(zheng)風(feng)險》， 龔祖(zu)波

《廣(guang)東省(sheng)公共資源交(jiao)易保證擔(dan)保業務規(gui)范》，廣(guang)東省(sheng)公共資源交(jiao)易聯合會

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《中華人(ren)民共和國招標投標法實(shi)施(shi)條例(li)》，國務院辦公廳

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作者(zhe)：何(he)永龍，國泰(tai)新點軟件股(gu)份(fen)有限公司

電子交易事業群總經(jing)理

尤隴，國泰新(xin)點軟件股份(fen)有限公司

數據服務(wu)業務(wu)部(bu)經理

節選自：《中國公(gong)共(gong)采購發展報告（2020）》藍(lan)皮書(shu)；中物聯公(gong)共(gong)采購分會官方微信公(gong)眾(zhong)號

圖片來源：《中(zhong)國(guo)公(gong)(gong)共(gong)采購發展報(bao)告（2020）》藍皮書(shu)；中(zhong)物聯公(gong)(gong)共(gong)采購分會官方微信公(gong)(gong)眾號(hao)